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Located in Washington, DC, this impressive building was designed in the French Second Empire style. As its name suggests the structure housed several important departments that eventually outgrew available space. The building still stands today,…

Map from the company's 1897 annual report shows the extent of this primarily industrial railroad, whose main purpose was to deliver coal from Pennsylvania mines to the industrial cities of Rochester and Buffalo. From the latter location, coal could…

This resonant symbol appears near the end of a 1904 history of the Western New York Diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church. It was fairly common in the Anglican church and its Episcopal branches in the United States, one of them St. Andrew's…

"Under the Protection of Mary" is the usual translation for this emblem blessing the Catholic Church's approved ceremonial book. First published in 1829, it was by 1894 in its 8th edition and used in churches like St. Columba in Caledonia, NY.…

The son of a Scottish immigrant, Hamilton was born 1832 in Le Roy and grew up on a farm. After a brief time spent as a teacher in the upper midwest, Hamilton returned to Caledonia, married Jane Vallance, and had five children. Hamilton was a leading…

Postmarked 1910, the former Caledonia School had been integrated into New York's Union Free School district since 1895, and designated as the town's high school since 1898. In 1914, the older structure would be rebuilt in brick and serve its function…

Magazine illustration dates to a period when women’s suffrage and socialism were commingling in productive new ways. Here, Braverman's image perhaps redeploys American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality--that is, simply…

Magazine cover dates to a period when women’s suffrage and socialism were commingling in productive new ways. Here, women's oppression within the home by husbands is linked to "man-made law" enacted without enfranchisement. As with other Braverman…

At the time of this illustration Braverman’s job title was “Associate Editor and Circulation Manager” for The Coming Nation," published in Chicago; he also produced much of the magazine’s art. It had been founded as "The Socialist Woman" in 1907 by…

Magazine cover dates to a period when women’s suffrage and socialism were commingling in productive new ways. Here, three different social ills are linked to the absence of suffrage: a mother and daughter under the tyranny of a patriarchal father, an…