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                <text>Library of Congress Geography and Map Division &lt;a href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3804r.pm006250"&gt;http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3804r.pm006250&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Detailed map of former Erie Canal boomtown reflects its growth into a large city half a century later. Looking north, from Highland Park, we can trace the Genesee River to Lake Ontario. Several features from Rochester's earliest days still are visible: the Erie Canal (and its viaduct across the Genesee), mills along the gorge near High Falls, the neighborhood of Corn Hill, Mt. Hope Cemetery, and more. &#13;
&#13;
Although the panorama doesn't have numbered points and a legend, street names are clearly visible and many commercial buildings are labeled. Follow the hyperlink below to access higher resolution images.</text>
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                <text>Postcard from a birds-eye view shows the lakeside amusement park near the height of its popularity. The green-roofed building near center likely is the Hotel Ontario, a connection between the area's past as a resort during the 1870s-80s, and its increasing emphasis upon larger crowds of day visitors by the 1890s. (The railroad at left was an important factor.)&#13;
&#13;
The amusement park featured a midway, roller coasters, a slide that went into Lake Ontario, a sandy beach, and not least other people to watch. In 1916 the City of Rochester annexed Charlotte and purchased the amusement park two years later. After a fire in 1919 it was torn down, and it's possible the conflagration at upper right references this event, in which case the postcard's original artwork was modified.  All that's left of the amusement park is its Dentzel carousel, which remains in operation a century later.</text>
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                <text>Further reading: Kyle Somervile, "'This is Where I Like to Go': The (Re)creation of Place at Ontario Beach Park," &lt;a href="http://www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v75_2013/v75i1.pdf"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Rochester History&lt;/em&gt; 75.1&lt;/a&gt; (2013): 1-36.</text>
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                <text>Postcard depicts Lake Ontario Shore looking east toward the mouth of the Genesee River. At left is a sailboat moored at the West Pier; the red-roofed building at upper center may be a resort hotel called the Spencer House. Along the boardwalk and beach we see visitors of all kinds, including a dog.&#13;
&#13;
From its beginnings as a resort during the 1870s-80s, Charlotte hosted ever-larger numbers of visitors via train and by 1900 was primarily an amusement park often compared to Coney Island. After annexation of Charlotte in 1916, the resort eventually was torn down due to longstanding concerns about "immoral" behavior--coded language for its numerous saloons. Today the area is known as Ontario Beach Park.</text>
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                <text>Overlooking Lake Ontario, this amusement park has remained in operation since its opening in 1879--making it America's fourth-oldest such operation. It originated as a trolly destination in an era without air conditioning; temperatures due to the lake-breeze effect could be 10 degrees cooler. In the postcard we see travelers on the Rochester &amp; Suburban Railway debarking upon company land, anticipating various concessions and by the time of this photograph several rides--including carousels and a figure-eight roller coaster.&#13;
&#13;
In 1920 Sea Breeze built its famous wooden "Jack Rabbit" roller coaster, currently the second-oldest one in the US. Through financial challenges, new owners, destructive fires, and social change it has managed to remain open and share its pleasures with new generations.</text>
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                <text>Operating a ship named the "Windsor," the Charlotte and Summerville Ferry Company ran a service between those two towns located at the mouth of the Genesee River beginning at least in 1877. Passenger use climbed with trolley lines running along both sides of the river by century's end and a developing tourism scene lakeside. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The "Windsor" shown here was built in 1894 and powered by a steam engine pulling it back and forth across the 500-foot river's mouth attached to a chain line. A trip lasted about seven minutes. The ship carried vehicles and had 200 life preservers on board. Due to increasing use of the Stutson Street bridge upriver, the "Windsor" ferry finally was shut down in 1927. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Source consulted: Leon R. Brown, &lt;em&gt;Transportation News&lt;/em&gt; 5.1 (Aug. 1927): 24-25, via New York Museum of Transportation, &lt;a href="http://www.nymtmuseum.org/headends/04fall/OnTheWatreFall04.html"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Headend&lt;/em&gt; (Spring 2004).&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>The Pictorial Field-book of the War of 1812; or, Illustrations, by Pen and Pencil, of the History, Biography, Scenery, Relics and Traditions of the Last War for American Independence (Harper &amp; Brothers, 1868): 597.&#13;
&#13;
Thomas Fisher Canadiana Collection, University of Toronto, via Internet Archive&#13;
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                <text>The strategic importance of forts at the mouth of Niagara River is shown graphically here: during the War of 1812 it was extremely difficult for either British or American ships to make it past the cannons of (respectively) Fort Niagara or Fort George. Lossing's illustration shows the situation ahead of the Battle of Fort George in May 1813. His note reads: “This view is from a drawing made in 1813, previous to the attack on Fort George, and published in the Port Folio in July, 1817. On the extreme left is seen Fort Niagara, and at a greater distance, across the river, Fort George and the village of Newark. To the right of the light-house, over which is a flag, is seen the battery which the Julia and Growler controlled” (597).</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://mdl.library.utoronto.ca/collections/scanned-maps/lake-iroquois" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;University of Toronto Libraries&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Soldiers of the New York Army National Guard's 105th Military Police Company construct a sandbag barrier to protect property at Sodus Point, N.Y. from flooding due to rising waters on Lake Ontario on May 22, 2017.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/thenationalguard/34623612670" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;New York National Guard, via Flickr&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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&#13;
1. An ideal Baldwin apple-tree for Western New York&#13;
&#13;
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&#13;
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&#13;
4. The old "mother tree" from which all of Mr. Smith's trees were grafted. It bears excellent apples and good crops of them. About 500 trees have been grafted from this tree.&#13;
&#13;
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&#13;
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&#13;
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                <text>John Craig, with G. F. Warren and W. E. McCourt, &lt;em&gt;An Apple Orchard Survey of Wayne County, New York&lt;/em&gt; (Cornell University, 1905): 230, 288, 331, 352, 406. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://archive.org/details/appleorchardsurv00crai" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Courtesy of Internet Archive&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Miller, Willliam</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>New York State Museum</text>
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                <text>1913-12-15</text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
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                <text>Cooper, Ken</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;University of the State of New York Bulletin&lt;/em&gt; 557 (12 Dec. 1913): 88&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="https://archive.org/details/annualreport6611912newy/page/n511/mode/1up" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Courtesy of Internet Archive&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>jpeg, 739 KB</text>
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                <text>North American Ice Sheets</text>
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                <text>The geological Quatenary period, comprising about the past 2.58 million years, has been characterized by the expansion and contraction of ice sheets. This map shows the maximum extent of three major sheets emanating from their "ice centers": Keewatin Glacier (K); Cordilleran Glacier (C); and Labradorean or Laurentide Glacier (L). This last one flowed in two directions around the Adirondack Mountains, one south into the Champlain Valley and the other southwest into the St. Lawrence Valley. &#13;
&#13;
Many distinctive features of New York state are the consequence of glacial advance and retreat, like the Finger Lakes, Long Island (itself a terminal moraine), Lake Ontario, and the palisades of Hudson River. Even picturesque boulders are glacial "erratics" carried many miles from their source.</text>
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        <name>Finger Lakes</name>
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        <name>Ice Age</name>
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        <name>Lake Ontario</name>
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        <name>Map</name>
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        <name>Topography</name>
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