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                <text>U.S. Showing New York Central Lines</text>
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Rand McNally and Company</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~23947~870012:U-S--showing-NY-Central-Lines-?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No&amp;amp;qvq=q:%22new%20york%20central%22;sort:Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&amp;amp;mi=7&amp;amp;trs=20" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;David Rumsey Historical Map Collection&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>By the time of this map a bitter consolidation battle among smaller rail lines had resulted in the creation of New York Central in 1853. Then, under the leadership of aggressive presidents Erastus Corning and Cornelius Vanderbilt, NYC expanded into a regional network encompassing the northeast and Great Lakes Region. It operated more than 11,000 miles of road by this point.&#13;
&#13;
The map here shows the various lines and draws attention to its so-called "water route": mostly level grades following rivers and lakes that e nabled the company to design its engines for speed. The Twentieth-Century Limited, which traveled between New York and Chicago, was perhaps its best known line. The map highlights the Appalachian Mountain range its competitors had to navigate in bright yellow--a nice bit of trolling. As with other railroads NYC's fortunes declined after World War II and the rise of highways. It pursued protective mergers with other failing railroads, was absorbed by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1976, and finally ended up park of the CSX / Amtrak system.</text>
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                <text>Skeats, William J.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://www.railpictures.net/photo/699417/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Photo/Archive William J. Skeats. Used by permission.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Breakneck Ridge is located in the Hudson Highlands, directly across the river from Storm King Mountain. Its distinctive stony face was picturesque, albeit quarried for granite by the 19th century. It posed a major obstacle in plans to build a railroad line along the Hudson River. By 1851, however, a 400-foot tunnel had been bored by the Hudson River Railroad (later to become part of New York Central). Here, in a contemporary photo, we see the line still in use as part of Metro North / Amtrak service. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The stone structure at right is part of the Catskill Aqueduct, constructed between 1908 and 1924. Technically, it is called the Moodna / Hudson / Breakneck Pressure Tunnel: a tunnel bored 1,100 feet below the river's surface through which water passes from Ashokan Reservoir to New York City. The building was constructed in 1917 to drain the pressure tunnel. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Breakneck Ridge probably is the location of New Deal Gallery artist &lt;a href="https://openvalley.org/items/show/1247" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Isaac Fastovsky's 1937 painting &lt;em&gt;Tunnel by the Hudson&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>This poster is one of many &lt;a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=series%3A%22Conservation+charts+%28United+States.+Soil+Conservation+Service%29%22" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;"soil conservation charts"&lt;/a&gt; created by the US Department of Agriculture during the 1930s, specifically in response to conditions of drought and farming practices that had exacerbated the problem. In this instance, the Soil Conservation Service makes the case that "Financial Insecurity Follows Erosion of the Soil"--a reverse of prevailing logic that the Dust Bowl was nature-caused affliction. Here, map of a typical farm is annotated with some of the practices that cause erosion over many seasons, and not simply in one summer.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://archive.org/details/CAT31354878/page/n1" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;US Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, via Internet Archive&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Photograph of iconic cast iron bridge in New York's Central Park was one of six created for an historical survey in 1984. The description reads: "Designed by Calvert Vaux, the Bow Bridge is one of the most prominently located and visible cast iron bridges in Central Park. It is 87 feet, four inches long. This and other cast iron bridges in Central Park are among the very first built of that material in America. The J.B. and W.W. Cornell Foundry was the contractor. Restored in 1974 with funds provided by Lila A. Wallace and Lucy G. Moses, this graceful arch has been described by New York Times architecture critic Paul Goldberger as seeming 'to pour over the water.'" It is included in OpenValley because this view looking east is very similar to New Deal Gallery artist Inez Abernathy's &lt;a href="https://openvalley.org/items/show/1108" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;"The Lake, Central Park"&lt;/a&gt; with the Hotel Carlyle visible in the distance. This item consists of a slightly cropped version and the original proportions.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="Library%20of Congress, &amp;lt;www.loc.gov/item/ny1587/&amp;gt;" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Library of Congress, &amp;lt;www.loc.gov/item/ny1587/&amp;gt;&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>The title of this painting is paradoxical, since none of the trees depicted appear to be the fruiting varieties usually associated with commercial orchards. Nor is it entitled "Arboretum," a collection of species under a landscaping rubric. Instead, Aberathy asks us to think about the relation between humans—represented in the two figures at lower right—and the fecundity of nature beyond our own definitions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About the Artist: &lt;/span&gt;Abernathy, Inez. (1873-1956) Born in Summerville, AR, Abernathy studied at the Art Academy in Cincinnati and later in Europe. She supported herself by teaching art and elocution at Belmont College (TN), Stanford Female College (KY), Columbia Female Institute (TN), the University of Arkansas, and the&lt;a href="https://fsuspecialcollections.wordpress.com/tag/inez-abernethy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt; Florida Female College&lt;/a&gt;. At this last institution, when a fire broke out Abernathy guided her students to safety rather than saving her own art and equipment; the Florida legislature passed a special bill to help compensate her loss (&lt;em&gt;The Weekly True Democrat&lt;/em&gt; 29 Sept 1905: 1). She studied art for a period in Paris, and her painting “Reverie” was shown at the 1902 Salon des artistes français, described by one reporter as “the full-length figure of a girl seated, with a background of dull blues and yellows. A springtime freshness pervades the picture” (&lt;em&gt;San Francisco Chronicle &lt;/em&gt;26 Oct. 1902: 6). Her works were exhibited at the Academy of Fine Art, Philadelphia, and the National Academy of Design. Two more digital images from&lt;a href="https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/federal-art-project-photographic-division-collection-5467/series-1/box-1-folder-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt; FAP&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/federal-art-project-photographic-division-collection-5467/series-1/box-1-folder-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Archives of American Art, Federal Art Project, Photographic Division, Box 1, Folder 4.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>In 1853 after extensive study, the New York City Common Council approved a site surrounding the Croton Reservoir for a Manhattan park. Landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted and designer Calvert Vaux were winners of a design competition, and in 1857 work began upon the original 778-acre site (it would grow to 843 acres).&#13;
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                <text>A great deal of historical interest attaches to this map. It shows the residences of important figures in the Transcendentalist movement: Ralph Waldo Emerson, William Ellery Channing, and Henry David Thoreau--whether living at Walden Pond or at his father John's home. Thoreau's work as a surveyor contributes materially to Walling's map in the form of White Pond and Walden Pond.&#13;
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                  <text>This collection of more than 200 paintings owes its existence to two primary causes: allocations from the Federal Art Project to a New York state tuberculosis sanatorium located at Mt. Morris--the landscapes and still lifes were thought to be restful--and to the committed volunteers who helped preserve the paintings after the hospital closed. For several decades the canvases were stored in non-climate-controlled basements; it appears that doctors and staff removed at least three dozen works as "keepsakes." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Despite the seeming tranquility of the paintings, they were created by artists primarily from New York City whose background was more political and aesthetically adventurous than this rural location would indicate. &lt;a href="https://openvalley.org/exhibits/show/green-new-deal/about" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Follow this hyperlink to a short introduction to the New Deal Gallery collection&lt;/a&gt;. We're grateful to the Genesee Valley Council on the Arts for access to their collection, which has been re-photographed and appears here at two resolutions: a cropped, web-friendly file size of around 1 MB; and a high-resolution file including the painting's frame.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Items in this collection were created according to a consistent format: a short description of each painting in formal terms, followed by a biography of each artist. Where possible we have supplied hyperlinks relevant to their lives and to other examples of their art. In order to better view them using the Omeka program, click on the "View All" option at the bottom of this page to access various sorting options.</text>
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            <element elementId="40">
              <name>Date</name>
              <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="10505">
                  <text>1935-1940</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <elementText elementTextId="10506">
                  <text>Cooper, Ken (project director)&#13;
&#13;
Ritz, Abigail (photography and project assistant)&#13;
&#13;
Additional research: Justin Anderson, Jessica Apthorpe, Jay Bang, Kristopher Bangsil, Julia Caldwell, Sydney Cannioto, Sabrina Chan, Paige Closser, Victoria Domon, Elana Evenden, Yadelin Fernandez, Michael Griffin, Madison Jackson, Niamh McCrohan, Ben Michalak, Ricky Noel, Elizabeth Ramsay, Skye Rose, Samantha Schmeer, John Serbalik, Marianna Sheedy, Emily Spina, Alison Stern, Ravenna VanOstrand, and Nicholas Vanamee.&#13;
&#13;
Special thanks to: Deborah Bump, Mark Calicchia, Elizabeth Harris, Melissa Moody, Rebecca Lomuto, and Mai Sato.</text>
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    <itemType itemTypeId="6">
      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="7">
          <name>Original Format</name>
          <description>The type of object, such as photograph, map, drawing, painting, etc., and any additional data</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="12170">
              <text>Oil painting</text>
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        </element>
        <element elementId="10">
          <name>Physical Dimensions</name>
          <description>The actual physical size of the original image</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="12171">
              <text>Condition: dented, surface dirt, paint flaked</text>
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      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="12162">
                <text>Lilies and Shell</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="12163">
                <text>It’s possible that the flowers depicted in this still life are wild mountain lilies (Lilium auratum), also called the golden-rayed lily of Japan. Whatever the case, flowers’ size and colorful radials draw our attention inward—which is similar in effect to a conch shell pictured on the same table. Warm peach colors are played against complementary greens and blues.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;About the Artist&lt;/span&gt;: Born in Syracuse, NY, Bowler attended the Syracuse University College of Fine Arts and there received a postgraduate award for study in Paris. He was best known for painting official portraits of prominent political, military, and theatrical figures such as dancers Ruth St. Denis and Michel Fokine; humorist Will Rogers, actor Vincent Price, and explorer/author Richard Halliburton. Bowler also traveled to Washington, D.C. to paint portraits of Secretary of State Cordell Hull and Vice President John Nance Garner, among others. But Bowler also was passionate about landscapes and still lifes. A 1940 newspaper article implies that his two works at NDG were part of “a series of flower paintings done for all the tuberculosis hospitals in New York” (Allentown, PA &lt;em&gt;Morning Call&lt;/em&gt; 31 Mar. 1940: 16). During World War II, Bowler served as Director of Design for a camouflage section of the 909&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Air Force Engineers, organizing a 1943 show of their work at Macy’s Department store. It was after a 32-mile training hike that he painted a well-known image entitled &lt;a href="https://bucksco.michenerartmuseum.org/bucksartists/image/67/"&gt;“After the Hike”&lt;/a&gt;—a picture of his worn pair of army shoes—that was exhibited in the Library of Congress. Bowler also served as director of an arts program for the American Red Cross and as a USO portrait artist during the war (&lt;em&gt;Syracuse Herald-Journal&lt;/em&gt; 23 July 1965: 14). After 1945 Bowler continued to live and work in Bucks County, PA. A critic attending the Philips’ Mill Art Exhibition wrote that he had “all the majesty and power of great people who see great movements and think great things. A realist, his ‘Little Red Barn’ is characterized by a sensitive brush, a direct approach, rich colors and mellow overtones and an uninhibited technique — all contributing to the aching loveliness of this farm scene” (&lt;em&gt;Muhlenberg Weekly &lt;/em&gt;14 Oct. 1948: 2). In addition to producing many paintings, Bowler was an art teacher for much of his professional life. 1 work at &lt;a href="https://americanart.si.edu/artist/harold-bowler-536"&gt;Smithsonian American Art Museum&lt;/a&gt;. 3 works at &lt;a href="https://bucksco.michenerartmuseum.org/bucksartists/artist/35/https:/bucksco.michenerartmuseum.org/bucksartists/artist/35/"&gt;Michener Art Museum&lt;/a&gt;. 2 more images at &lt;a href="https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/federal-art-project-photographic-division-collection-5467/series-1/box-3-folder-19"&gt;FAP&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="12164">
                <text>Bowler, Harold T., 1903-1965</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="12165">
                <text>Federal Art Project</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="12166">
                <text>1935-1940</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="12167">
                <text>Ritz, Abigail (photography) &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cooper, Ken (biography)</text>
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            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="12168">
                <text>jpeg, 1.2 MB &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;jpeg, 4.1 MB</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="12169">
                <text>New Deal Gallery, Genesee Valley Council on the Arts &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Object #FA18119</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="12172">
                <text>Still image</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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      <tag tagId="961">
        <name>Federal Art Project</name>
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      <tag tagId="1084">
        <name>Harold Bowler</name>
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      <tag tagId="897">
        <name>New Deal Gallery</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="1028">
        <name>still life</name>
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