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                <text>Breakneck Ridge Tunnel</text>
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                <text>Skeats, William J.</text>
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                <text>RailPictures.Net</text>
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                <text>Cooper, Ken</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="https://www.railpictures.net/photo/699417/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Photo/Archive William J. Skeats. Used by permission.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Breakneck Ridge is located in the Hudson Highlands, directly across the river from Storm King Mountain. Its distinctive stony face was picturesque, albeit quarried for granite by the 19th century. It posed a major obstacle in plans to build a railroad line along the Hudson River. By 1851, however, a 400-foot tunnel had been bored by the Hudson River Railroad (later to become part of New York Central). Here, in a contemporary photo, we see the line still in use as part of Metro North / Amtrak service. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The stone structure at right is part of the Catskill Aqueduct, constructed between 1908 and 1924. Technically, it is called the Moodna / Hudson / Breakneck Pressure Tunnel: a tunnel bored 1,100 feet below the river's surface through which water passes from Ashokan Reservoir to New York City. The building was constructed in 1917 to drain the pressure tunnel. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Breakneck Ridge probably is the location of New Deal Gallery artist &lt;a href="https://openvalley.org/items/show/1247" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Isaac Fastovsky's 1937 painting &lt;em&gt;Tunnel by the Hudson&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Dust Bowl - Dallas, South Dakota 1936</text>
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                <text>"&lt;a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas,_South_Dakota_1936.jpg"&gt;Buried machinery in barn lot in Dallas, South Dakota, United States during the Dust Bowl, an agricultural, ecological, and economic disaster in the Great Plains region of North America in 1936.&lt;/a&gt;" -Andrew C.</text>
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                <text>United States Department of Agriculture</text>
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                <text>Millstones Came in Pairs</text>
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                <text>This illustration from Eric Sloane's "Vanishing America" shows the sophisticated and aesthetically pleasing designs of hand-crafted millstones</text>
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                <text>Sloane, Eric (1905-1985)</text>
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                <text>Sloane, Eric.  "Our Vanishing Landscape."  New York: W. Funk, 1955: ??</text>
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                <text>Portrait of Samuel Warren (1797-1862), pioneer grape grower and winemaker of York, Livingston County, New York.</text>
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                <text>D. Mason &amp; Co. (Syracuse, N.Y.)</text>
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                <text>Viglucci, Matthew</text>
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                <text>Smith, James H. History of Livingston County, New York; with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers. Syracuse, N.Y.: D. Mason &amp; Co., 1881.</text>
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                <text>Smith, John Rubens (1775-1849)</text>
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                <text>Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund, 1974, &lt;a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/12614"&gt;Metropolitan Museum of Art&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Via &lt;a href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"&gt;Wikimedia Commons&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>Watercolor and graphite composition captures the 1,000-ft. wide falls two miles upstream from where Mohawk joins the Hudson River. The name may derive from the Mohawk phrase "a canoe falling"--a wry bit of humor. According to an 1813 description, the "river is seen gliding over a granitic rock, smoothed by its own operations, and bordered with rocky banks, supporting a sterile soil and a stinted growth of pine, hemlock, cedar and other evergreens, till it arrive at the fall, down which it pours at high water, in one sheet of near 70 feet: but at low water, descends, in excavated courses, some in cataracts, and some in oblique or zig-zag precipices, affording a most sublime and picturesque combination of bold force and violence" (Horatio Gates Spafford, &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="https://archive.org/details/gazetteerofstate01spaf/page/170"&gt;A Gazetteer of the State of New-York&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;/em&gt;p. 170).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 1831, the river was dammed for manufacturing purposes and its flow has been regulated since the 1930s, when it was converted for electricity generation.</text>
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              <text>9 1/2 x 13 in. </text>
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                <text> Migrant Farmer, Gus Picking Potatoes Wyoming Co. </text>
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                <text>The photo was matted to a 16×20 black board of Gus (the farmer picking potatoes) in Genesee County while living in East Bethany. This is common labor a migrant worker may expect in Western NY. </text>
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                <text>Geneseo Migrant Center</text>
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        <name>Potato Farm</name>
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                  <text>This collection gathers documents for a Perry Knitting Co. exhibit on OpenValley. They are drawn from from three main sources.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;First, the Clark Rice Photography Collection at the Perry, NY Public Library. Rice was a prolific photographer in Western New York throughout the mid-20th century. This collection includes scans of his work, and copies of images from the turn of the century photographer Merrium Crocker, whose studio Rice purchased. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Secondly, the Henry Page Local History Files. Page was president of First National Bank of Perry, and a local historian associated with the public library for nearly five decades. His uncle, William, had helped secure funding from the Carnegie Corporation for its establishment in 1900 and construction in 1914. The Page collection contains various historical materials and photographs accumulated by him over the years.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thirdly, we draw upon various public domain texts, such as maps from the Library of Congress or &lt;a href="http://perrypubliclibrary.advantage-preservation.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;digitized articles from local newspapers&lt;/a&gt;. All images here are selections from these collections, chosen for their relevance to OpenValley project. We gratefully acknowledge the generosity of the Perry Public Library and its Director, Jessica Pacciotti.</text>
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                  <text>Meghan Cobo, Ken Cooper, Michaelena Ferraro, Melisha Gatlin, Andrew Gleason, Macaire Lisicki, Ben Michalak, Ethan Pelletier, Emma Raupp, Mariah Rockwell.&#13;
&#13;
Special thanks to Jessica Pacciotti at the Perry Public Library.</text>
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                <text>US Print Cloth Production by Region, 1889-1939</text>
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            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This simplified chart from US Census data shows how dramatically the location of cotton manufacturing in the US shifted from New England to the Southern states. There were several causes, including proximity to cotton fields, newer machinery, and lower wages for workers.&#13;
&#13;
The Perry Knitting Company was a relative anomaly during this period, hanging on while most northern textile production relocated or went out of business. But even during the firm's heyday it's clear that economic trends were running another direction.</text>
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Cooper, Ken</text>
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                <text>1944</text>
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                <text>&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;Thomas Russell Smith, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015003640789&amp;amp;view=1up&amp;amp;seq=100"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt;The Cotton Textile Industry of Fall River, Massachusetts: A Study of Industrial Localization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: 400;"&gt; (1944) p. 84&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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                <text>New York Public Library, Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views</text>
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jpeg, 772 KB&#13;
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                <text>William Cooper founded the village of Cooperstown in 1786, and in 1799 built a large mansion inherited by his son, the novelist James Fenimore Cooper. It was located near the outlet of Otsego Lake, the beginning of the Susquehanna River. A fictionalized version of Otsego Hall appears as "The Mansion House" in his 1823 novel &lt;em&gt;The Pioneers&lt;/em&gt;. The bricks-and-mortar version fell into disrepair during Cooper's years of travel in America and Europe; in 1834 he renovated it according to the new Gothic Revival style, pictured here in an undated stereocard.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cooper died in 1851, the mansion was sold and converted into a hotel, then burned down in 1853. Its brick and timbers had an afterlife, however, when his daughter Susan Fenimore Cooper--an important nature writer--salvaged them to build what she called the "Riverside Cottage." The original Cooper estate now is home to the Baseball Hall of fame and its grounds.</text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>This collection of more than 200 paintings owes its existence to two primary causes: allocations from the Federal Art Project to a New York state tuberculosis sanatorium located at Mt. Morris--the landscapes and still lifes were thought to be restful--and to the committed volunteers who helped preserve the paintings after the hospital closed. For several decades the canvases were stored in non-climate-controlled basements; it appears that doctors and staff removed at least three dozen works as "keepsakes." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Despite the seeming tranquility of the paintings, they were created by artists primarily from New York City whose background was more political and aesthetically adventurous than this rural location would indicate. &lt;a href="https://openvalley.org/exhibits/show/green-new-deal/about" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Follow this hyperlink to a short introduction to the New Deal Gallery collection&lt;/a&gt;. We're grateful to the Genesee Valley Council on the Arts for access to their collection, which has been re-photographed and appears here at two resolutions: a cropped, web-friendly file size of around 1 MB; and a high-resolution file including the painting's frame.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Items in this collection were created according to a consistent format: a short description of each painting in formal terms, followed by a biography of each artist. Where possible we have supplied hyperlinks relevant to their lives and to other examples of their art. In order to better view them using the Omeka program, click on the "View All" option at the bottom of this page to access various sorting options.</text>
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                  <text>Cooper, Ken (project director)&#13;
&#13;
Ritz, Abigail (photography and project assistant)&#13;
&#13;
Additional research: Justin Anderson, Jessica Apthorpe, Jay Bang, Kristopher Bangsil, Julia Caldwell, Sydney Cannioto, Sabrina Chan, Paige Closser, Victoria Domon, Elana Evenden, Yadelin Fernandez, Michael Griffin, Madison Jackson, Niamh McCrohan, Ben Michalak, Ricky Noel, Elizabeth Ramsay, Skye Rose, Samantha Schmeer, John Serbalik, Marianna Sheedy, Emily Spina, Alison Stern, Ravenna VanOstrand, and Nicholas Vanamee.&#13;
&#13;
Special thanks to: Deborah Bump, Mark Calicchia, Elizabeth Harris, Melissa Moody, Rebecca Lomuto, and Mai Sato.</text>
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              <text>Oil painting</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
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                <text>Two curtains in warm yellow and pink frame the painting from the right, with the rest of the background in a mesh of cool blues and greens in a quasi-watercolor style. The brushstrokes are evident and very thick in some parts of the background. The middle ground houses an emerald vase with seven pink tulips, six yellow tulips, and two red tulips all in full bloom. The area of the clearest focus is in the foreground, centered on the pink paint jar, with paint splotches around it, but an obvious absence of a paint brush. Even in the darkest shadows of the painting, there is no black paint used, and other colors mixed together to create darker hues. This demonstrates formal art training, because the usage of black paint, when mixed with white paint, grays out a painting. By not using black paint, the vibrant hues stand out more. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;About the Artist&lt;/span&gt;: Little is known about George Spector. He was a Russian immigrant to the United States and lived in the New York City area. Between 1913 and 1914 he got a diploma from the Cooper Union Night School of Art and received recognition for the category “Drawing from Life.”&amp;nbsp;Given Spector's grasp of detail and three dimensional modeling, it seems possible that he had formal art training prior to the Cooper Union. He exhibited at the Salons of America in 1926 and 1927. 2 works at the &lt;a href="https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.8083.html?artobj_artistId=8083&amp;amp;sortOrder=CHRONOLOGICAL&amp;amp;pageNumber=1&amp;amp;lastFacet=sortOrder" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Index of American Design&lt;/a&gt;. 7 more images at &lt;a href="https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/federal-art-project-photographic-division-collection-5467/series-1/box-21-folder-35" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;FAP&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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                <text>Spector, George</text>
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                <text>Ritz, Abigail (photography)&#13;
&#13;
VanOstrand, Ravenna (biography)&#13;
&#13;
Cooper, Ken (biography)</text>
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                <text>New Deal Gallery, Genesee Valley Council on the Arts&#13;
&#13;
Object #FA18272</text>
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        <name>George Spector</name>
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                  <text>This collection of more than 200 paintings owes its existence to two primary causes: allocations from the Federal Art Project to a New York state tuberculosis sanatorium located at Mt. Morris--the landscapes and still lifes were thought to be restful--and to the committed volunteers who helped preserve the paintings after the hospital closed. For several decades the canvases were stored in non-climate-controlled basements; it appears that doctors and staff removed at least three dozen works as "keepsakes." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Despite the seeming tranquility of the paintings, they were created by artists primarily from New York City whose background was more political and aesthetically adventurous than this rural location would indicate. &lt;a href="https://openvalley.org/exhibits/show/green-new-deal/about" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Follow this hyperlink to a short introduction to the New Deal Gallery collection&lt;/a&gt;. We're grateful to the Genesee Valley Council on the Arts for access to their collection, which has been re-photographed and appears here at two resolutions: a cropped, web-friendly file size of around 1 MB; and a high-resolution file including the painting's frame.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Items in this collection were created according to a consistent format: a short description of each painting in formal terms, followed by a biography of each artist. Where possible we have supplied hyperlinks relevant to their lives and to other examples of their art. In order to better view them using the Omeka program, click on the "View All" option at the bottom of this page to access various sorting options.</text>
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                  <text>Cooper, Ken (project director)&#13;
&#13;
Ritz, Abigail (photography and project assistant)&#13;
&#13;
Additional research: Justin Anderson, Jessica Apthorpe, Jay Bang, Kristopher Bangsil, Julia Caldwell, Sydney Cannioto, Sabrina Chan, Paige Closser, Victoria Domon, Elana Evenden, Yadelin Fernandez, Michael Griffin, Madison Jackson, Niamh McCrohan, Ben Michalak, Ricky Noel, Elizabeth Ramsay, Skye Rose, Samantha Schmeer, John Serbalik, Marianna Sheedy, Emily Spina, Alison Stern, Ravenna VanOstrand, and Nicholas Vanamee.&#13;
&#13;
Special thanks to: Deborah Bump, Mark Calicchia, Elizabeth Harris, Melissa Moody, Rebecca Lomuto, and Mai Sato.</text>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
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              <text>Oil painting</text>
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              <text>16 X 20 in.</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Peonies</text>
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                <text>The focus of the still life painting is a vase of multicolored peonies. Spector shows skillful creation of the 3D geometric forms of the flower petals and vase, with a light source coming from the bottom right. The background is unusual in its abstraction, it suggests the idea of a corner of a room. It uses the same color palette as the flowers, with thin paint and visible brush strokes. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;About the Artist&lt;/span&gt;: &lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;About the Artist&lt;/span&gt;: Little is known about George Spector. He was a Russian immigrant to the United States and lived in the New York City area. Between 1913 and 1914 he got a diploma from the Cooper Union Night School of Art and received recognition for the category “Drawing from Life.”&amp;nbsp;Given Spector's grasp of detail and three dimensional modeling, it seems possible that he had formal art training prior to the Cooper Union. He exhibited at the Salons of America in 1926 and 1927. 2 works at the &lt;a href="https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.8083.html?artobj_artistId=8083&amp;amp;sortOrder=CHRONOLOGICAL&amp;amp;pageNumber=1&amp;amp;lastFacet=sortOrder" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Index of American Design&lt;/a&gt;. 7 more images at &lt;a href="https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/federal-art-project-photographic-division-collection-5467/series-1/box-21-folder-35" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;FAP&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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                <text>Spector, George</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>Federal Art Project&#13;
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>1937</text>
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&#13;
McCrohan, Niamh (biography)&#13;
&#13;
Cooper, Ken (biography)</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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                <text>New Deal Gallery, Genesee Valley Council on the Arts&#13;
&#13;
Object #FA18271</text>
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