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                <text>Like other Cavazos paintings about agricultural work--&lt;a href="https://openvalley.org/items/show/1951" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Fields&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://openvalley.org/items/show/1991" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;The Cherry Pickers Are Working&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;--sweeping vistas evoke underlying, difficult questions about perspective. Here, the curvature associated with panoramic views depicts a long line of cabbages receding into the distance of a farmhouse in the distance. In another direction, a tractor drives down the road of a fruit orchard. In the foreground a woman looks out over the fields, seemingly sharing a viewer's appreciation. This is complicated, however, by three farmworkers toiling below her, and a young child seeking her attention. Another interpretation might have the woman as a kind of Madonna looking over the laborers ... Cavazos' image is quite ambiguous.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Juan Cavazos, from Monterrey Nuevo León, was himself a farm laborer in Western New York who often sketched portraits of his fellow workers. He was encouraged to take studio classes at MollyOlga Neighbord Art Classes, in Buffalo and eventually began showing his paintings, drawings, and sculpture. An exhibit titled &lt;a href="https://openvalley.org/items/show/1978" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;"My Journey Through the Fields: The Art of a Migrant Farm Worker"&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt; was hosted by SUNY Geneseo in 1989.</text>
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                <text>Cooper, Ken</text>
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                <text>Creative Artists Migrant Program Services collection, Genesee Valley Council on the Arts</text>
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                  <text>This collection of images is based upon &lt;a href="https://openvalley.org/files/original/3ae1204165be3bf753a4d31e568da22a.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;an 1892 birds-eye panorama of Caledonia, NY&lt;/a&gt; published by Burleigh Litho of Troy, NY. According to John William Reps, Lucien R. Burleigh was responsible—whether as artist or publisher—for some 228 lithographic city views (it is possible, even likely that the Caledonia map was executed by an employee named Christian Fausel). Trained as a civil engineer, economic recession pressed Burleigh into finding other ways of making a living. He began city viewmaking during the 1870s and by the mid-1880s was well established in his profession. His usual practice was to work from an available map, determine the most advantageous viewpoint (for a village like Caledonia, typically 1500 feet above the ground), and making small sketches at the street level. Another important task during a two- or three-week stay was soliciting subscriptions for the panorama: it took perhaps 100 persons, each paying $2.50-3:00 for a map, for the project to break even. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Burleigh map’s legend provides us with a snapshot of Caledonia in 1892, just recovering from a major fire in 1891. It lists railroad stations, churches, the public school, and even Seth Green’s fish hatchery, but a majority of the numbered locations are commercial enterprises—a likely base of customers for purchasing copies of the completed work. Using old newspapers and trade magazines, this collection has gathered advertising from most of the businesses. Its purpose is to populate an interactive map for the “Heraldry” section of the “Clans of Caledonia” exhibit, where we see immigrant affiliations interacting with national and commercial icons—a complex process of so-called “Americanization.”</text>
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                  <text>Thanks to Tom Tryniski, Fulton History</text>
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                <text>Caledonia Advertiser, A.H. Collins, Prop.</text>
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                <text>Point number 26 on the Burleigh map, the Caledonia Advertiser was founded in 1878 by James Beattie and A[lfred] H. Collins, the latter purchasing sole ownership of the newspaper in 1880. Thereafter, Collins ran the until it merged with the Caledonia Era in 1920 and then he retired in 1922. The paper's politics were assertively pro-business and Republican: this image shows Collins getting out the vote for an off-year election in 1895. His brother, Charles S. Collins, was editor of the Troy Times and the Rochester Democrat &amp; Chronicle.</text>
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                <text>Caledonia Advertiser 31 Oct. 1895. Courtesy of Tom Tryniski / Fulton History.</text>
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                  <text>This collection of images is based upon &lt;a href="https://openvalley.org/files/original/3ae1204165be3bf753a4d31e568da22a.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;an 1892 birds-eye panorama of Caledonia, NY&lt;/a&gt; published by Burleigh Litho of Troy, NY. According to John William Reps, Lucien R. Burleigh was responsible—whether as artist or publisher—for some 228 lithographic city views (it is possible, even likely that the Caledonia map was executed by an employee named Christian Fausel). Trained as a civil engineer, economic recession pressed Burleigh into finding other ways of making a living. He began city viewmaking during the 1870s and by the mid-1880s was well established in his profession. His usual practice was to work from an available map, determine the most advantageous viewpoint (for a village like Caledonia, typically 1500 feet above the ground), and making small sketches at the street level. Another important task during a two- or three-week stay was soliciting subscriptions for the panorama: it took perhaps 100 persons, each paying $2.50-3:00 for a map, for the project to break even. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Burleigh map’s legend provides us with a snapshot of Caledonia in 1892, just recovering from a major fire in 1891. It lists railroad stations, churches, the public school, and even Seth Green’s fish hatchery, but a majority of the numbered locations are commercial enterprises—a likely base of customers for purchasing copies of the completed work. Using old newspapers and trade magazines, this collection has gathered advertising from most of the businesses. Its purpose is to populate an interactive map for the “Heraldry” section of the “Clans of Caledonia” exhibit, where we see immigrant affiliations interacting with national and commercial icons—a complex process of so-called “Americanization.”</text>
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                  <text>Thanks to Tom Tryniski, Fulton History</text>
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                <text>Number 37 on the Burleigh map, Caledonia House had been a travelers' hotel for more than sixty years by the time of this panoramic view. It was built in 1830 by James Shaw, a mason who gave the structure two-foot-thick walls and hefty beams (not to mention Masonic motifs above the upper-floor windows). For years the "Stone Hotel" was an important stop along the stage-coach roads passing through Caledonia. After Shaw, subsequent managers had included his son John, Jared Moss, Algeroy Smith, Theodore Wilkinson, P.P. Foote, Robert Woollett, George Outterson, John F. Lawton, D.W. Hartney, D.C. Walker, and John A. Keyes. In 1908 the building began its new use as the Eunice Lodge, 830, of the Free &amp; Accepted Masons--which continues to this day.&#13;
&#13;
Robert Woollett appears to have been owner of Caledonia House between 1888 (purchased after the death of Prosper Philander Foote) and 1893, when he sold out to George Outterson due to his wife's illness. These two images show advertisements for Woollett's livery business at Caledonia House prior to his purchase of the property, and then his leap into the melee of selling spirits in Caledonia--an important source of revenue for the hotel. In the following years a cat-and-mouse game transpired between Woollett and temperance advocates, with sudden appearances of excise agents brandishing subpoenas. At the time Woollett sold his hotel, the Caledonia "Advertiser" smirked that he "did well in a financial sense" (23 Feb. 1893). By 1903, the Caledonia "Era" would be fuming that “The conduct of the hotel lately has been enough to bring a blush to the cheek of a brass monkey and it is to be hoped it will never be re-opened again until it can be conducted decently” (16 Dec. 1903). It simply wasn't possible to make money on the property as travelers' rest, anymore, and it became a Masonic Temple.</text>
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                <text>1. 1885-10-19&#13;
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                <text>Courtesy of Tom Tryniski / Fulton History</text>
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                  <text>This collection of images is based upon &lt;a href="https://openvalley.org/files/original/3ae1204165be3bf753a4d31e568da22a.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;an 1892 birds-eye panorama of Caledonia, NY&lt;/a&gt; published by Burleigh Litho of Troy, NY. According to John William Reps, Lucien R. Burleigh was responsible—whether as artist or publisher—for some 228 lithographic city views (it is possible, even likely that the Caledonia map was executed by an employee named Christian Fausel). Trained as a civil engineer, economic recession pressed Burleigh into finding other ways of making a living. He began city viewmaking during the 1870s and by the mid-1880s was well established in his profession. His usual practice was to work from an available map, determine the most advantageous viewpoint (for a village like Caledonia, typically 1500 feet above the ground), and making small sketches at the street level. Another important task during a two- or three-week stay was soliciting subscriptions for the panorama: it took perhaps 100 persons, each paying $2.50-3:00 for a map, for the project to break even. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Burleigh map’s legend provides us with a snapshot of Caledonia in 1892, just recovering from a major fire in 1891. It lists railroad stations, churches, the public school, and even Seth Green’s fish hatchery, but a majority of the numbered locations are commercial enterprises—a likely base of customers for purchasing copies of the completed work. Using old newspapers and trade magazines, this collection has gathered advertising from most of the businesses. Its purpose is to populate an interactive map for the “Heraldry” section of the “Clans of Caledonia” exhibit, where we see immigrant affiliations interacting with national and commercial icons—a complex process of so-called “Americanization.”</text>
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                  <text>Cooper, Ken</text>
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                  <text>Thanks to Tom Tryniski, Fulton History</text>
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              <text>Print advertisement</text>
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              <text>2 x 4 in.</text>
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                <text>Caledonia Opera House</text>
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                <text>Number 10 on the Burleigh map of Caledonia, the Perhamus Opera house was constructed in 1877 and for a time was a popular venue for local and traveling performances--here, an 1891 staging of Miles Medic's two-act comedy entitled "The Cool Collegians." This structure near the New York Central Railroad terminal was supplanted by the construction of Burgess hall in 1892.</text>
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                <text>Caledonia Advertiser, 24 Dec. 1891. Courtesy of Tom Tryniski / Fulton History.</text>
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        <name>Burleigh Litho Co</name>
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                  <text>This collection of images is based upon &lt;a href="https://openvalley.org/files/original/3ae1204165be3bf753a4d31e568da22a.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;an 1892 birds-eye panorama of Caledonia, NY&lt;/a&gt; published by Burleigh Litho of Troy, NY. According to John William Reps, Lucien R. Burleigh was responsible—whether as artist or publisher—for some 228 lithographic city views (it is possible, even likely that the Caledonia map was executed by an employee named Christian Fausel). Trained as a civil engineer, economic recession pressed Burleigh into finding other ways of making a living. He began city viewmaking during the 1870s and by the mid-1880s was well established in his profession. His usual practice was to work from an available map, determine the most advantageous viewpoint (for a village like Caledonia, typically 1500 feet above the ground), and making small sketches at the street level. Another important task during a two- or three-week stay was soliciting subscriptions for the panorama: it took perhaps 100 persons, each paying $2.50-3:00 for a map, for the project to break even. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Burleigh map’s legend provides us with a snapshot of Caledonia in 1892, just recovering from a major fire in 1891. It lists railroad stations, churches, the public school, and even Seth Green’s fish hatchery, but a majority of the numbered locations are commercial enterprises—a likely base of customers for purchasing copies of the completed work. Using old newspapers and trade magazines, this collection has gathered advertising from most of the businesses. Its purpose is to populate an interactive map for the “Heraldry” section of the “Clans of Caledonia” exhibit, where we see immigrant affiliations interacting with national and commercial icons—a complex process of so-called “Americanization.”</text>
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                  <text>Thanks to Tom Tryniski, Fulton History</text>
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                <text>Number 5 on the Burleigh map, records for this school prior to 1892 are missing due to a major fire on Main Street that year. The structure shown by Burleigh received a west wing in 1896 and a north wing in 1904. In 1914, a new brick structure replaced the original school.&#13;
&#13;
As of 1892, education in New York State was on the verge of transformation. Union Free School Districts, enabled by an 1853 law, created free schooling through the power of local taxation under the supervision of an elected school board. Union schools grew in number thereafter, eventually supplanting private academies. There were however tensions between local boards and the University of the State of New York over standards; in 1894, the Consolidated School Law gave to its Board of Regents the power of visitation and control. School No. 5 became a part of this system in 1895 (not without some local resistance), and then was reorganized as Caledonia's high school in 1898. &#13;
&#13;
The principle of free schools necessitated annual reports to the public--here for the school year ending June 1896. We see salaries paid to teachers, a clerk and a janitor; charges for books, school supplies, coal for heating, and pricey "apparatus" from Bausch &amp; Lomb--optical instruments, presumably. High school continued here until 1939, when the new Caledonia-Mumford campus opened on North Road and eventually the old building  became home to the Big Springs Historical Society and Museum.</text>
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                  <text>This collection of more than 200 paintings owes its existence to two primary causes: allocations from the Federal Art Project to a New York state tuberculosis sanatorium located at Mt. Morris--the landscapes and still lifes were thought to be restful--and to the committed volunteers who helped preserve the paintings after the hospital closed. For several decades the canvases were stored in non-climate-controlled basements; it appears that doctors and staff removed at least three dozen works as "keepsakes." &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Despite the seeming tranquility of the paintings, they were created by artists primarily from New York City whose background was more political and aesthetically adventurous than this rural location would indicate. &lt;a href="https://openvalley.org/exhibits/show/green-new-deal/about" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Follow this hyperlink to a short introduction to the New Deal Gallery collection&lt;/a&gt;. We're grateful to the Genesee Valley Council on the Arts for access to their collection, which has been re-photographed and appears here at two resolutions: a cropped, web-friendly file size of around 1 MB; and a high-resolution file including the painting's frame.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Items in this collection were created according to a consistent format: a short description of each painting in formal terms, followed by a biography of each artist. Where possible we have supplied hyperlinks relevant to their lives and to other examples of their art. In order to better view them using the Omeka program, click on the "View All" option at the bottom of this page to access various sorting options.</text>
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                  <text>Cooper, Ken (project director)&#13;
&#13;
Ritz, Abigail (photography and project assistant)&#13;
&#13;
Additional research: Justin Anderson, Jessica Apthorpe, Jay Bang, Kristopher Bangsil, Julia Caldwell, Sydney Cannioto, Sabrina Chan, Paige Closser, Victoria Domon, Elana Evenden, Yadelin Fernandez, Michael Griffin, Madison Jackson, Niamh McCrohan, Ben Michalak, Ricky Noel, Elizabeth Ramsay, Skye Rose, Samantha Schmeer, John Serbalik, Marianna Sheedy, Emily Spina, Alison Stern, Ravenna VanOstrand, and Nicholas Vanamee.&#13;
&#13;
Special thanks to: Deborah Bump, Mark Calicchia, Elizabeth Harris, Melissa Moody, Rebecca Lomuto, and Mai Sato.</text>
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                <text>California Fruit</text>
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                <text>A rectangular table is the platform for dried flowers and branches in an ornamental vase, a clear pedestal fruit bowl filled with pears, grapes and nectarines, as well as a small serving platter holding the same fruit. The vase and table are adorned with cool-colored shapes, without pattern. A blue fabric with pronounced brushstrokes is draped diagonally across the table from the wall behind it. A framed painting in the background juxtaposes the dried contents of the vase with a depiction of green tree leaves.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;About the Artist:&lt;/span&gt; Born Benzion Elias Delman in Jerusalem, Palestine, this NDG artist studied at the Bazelel Academy of Arts and Design and then in Paris before immigrating to New York in 1915. As of 1918 he was a staff artist for the &lt;em&gt;Jewish Daily News&lt;/em&gt;. Delman became a citizen in 1923, and eventually moved to Chicago in 1942. His works were featured in exhibits sponsored by the National Academy of Design (1932), the New York City WPA—“Market Scenes” at the USDA in 1941, along with NDG artists Fred Adler and Herman Copen—and by the Art Institute of Chicago (1947). Delman is a study in perseverence: during the late 1940s he was working in the notions department at Mandel Brothers’ department store in Chicago, and did most of his painting (and etching) at night. His “Figure of an Old Man” at the gates of Jerusalem was shown at a 1949 exhibition sponsored by the store. The Mandels had “expected a few workers to turn up with stamp and shell collections and they were aware that a couple of salesmen liked to paint still lifes—but they weren’t prepared for the scores of employees who volunteered to exhibit” (&lt;em&gt;Chicago Tribune&lt;/em&gt; 12 Jan. 1950: 26). 3 more images at &lt;a href="https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/federal-art-project-photographic-division-collection-5467/series-1/box-6-folder-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;FAP&lt;/a&gt;.</text>
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                <text>Delman, Ben E., 1898-1973</text>
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                <text>Ritz, Abigail (photography)&#13;
&#13;
Anderson, Justin (biography)&#13;
&#13;
Cooper, Ken (biography)&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>New Deal Gallery, Genesee Valley Council on the Arts&#13;
&#13;
Object #FA18142</text>
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                <text>Two digital photos tentatively identified as Camp Blue Eagle, located near Naples and Springwater. Migrant farmworkers here weren't attached to any specific farm, although many worked at the Roy Gibson farm in Springwater. These images probably date to the early 2000s, when Geneseo Migrant Center staff were gathering information for a grant on the history of Steuben County potato farmers and their migrant laborers. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Note: image has been modified to lessen a lavender tint to the sky associated with early digital cameras</text>
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