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                  <text>Before the commercial extraction of fossil fuels from the Oil Creek region of northern Pennsylvania, most mechanical work in the Genesee Valley was done by human and animal power, or some source ultimately derived from the sun: burning wood, wind power, or flowing water. The exception to this, of course, was coal--by the 1880s America's dominant source of energy. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Due to the Genesee region's ample supply of wood and running water, along with the cost of shipping coal, it's quite common to find instances of various water mills in the area's history. They were adapted to a wide range of uses: cutting wood into timber and milling it into specialized shapes (&lt;strong&gt;lumber mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding corn into animal feed or for distilling alcohol (&lt;strong&gt;grist mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding wheat or other grains (&lt;strong&gt;flour mill&lt;/strong&gt;); creating boxes and other products from wood pulp (&lt;strong&gt;paper mill&lt;/strong&gt;); fabricating metals (&lt;strong&gt;triphammer mill&lt;/strong&gt;); powering industrial equipment &lt;strong&gt;(textile mill&lt;/strong&gt;); and by the 1880s creating electricity via turbines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This collection gathers various documents concerning mills in the Genesee Valley. In addition to images and written texts, there is also an interactive map illustrating the density of their usage during the mid-nineteenth century.</text>
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                <text>Advertisement for mills and mill properties for sale in Rochester, N.Y., 1828</text>
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                <text>A handbill published by Matthew Brown, Jr. advertising property for sale near the High Falls of the Genesee River in Rochester, N.Y.  Among these are a "merchant flouring mill, in good order for business" and a triphammer forge/mill, all located on a canal (mill race) "about sixty rods distant from the Grand Erie Canal."  That mill race is called Brown's Race, named after Matthew and his brother Francis who together owned several mill enterprises in Rochester.</text>
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                <text>Brown, Dr. Matthew, Jr. (1766-1851)</text>
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                <text>Rochester (N.Y.) Historical Society</text>
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                  <text>Before the commercial extraction of fossil fuels from the Oil Creek region of northern Pennsylvania, most mechanical work in the Genesee Valley was done by human and animal power, or some source ultimately derived from the sun: burning wood, wind power, or flowing water. The exception to this, of course, was coal--by the 1880s America's dominant source of energy. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Due to the Genesee region's ample supply of wood and running water, along with the cost of shipping coal, it's quite common to find instances of various water mills in the area's history. They were adapted to a wide range of uses: cutting wood into timber and milling it into specialized shapes (&lt;strong&gt;lumber mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding corn into animal feed or for distilling alcohol (&lt;strong&gt;grist mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding wheat or other grains (&lt;strong&gt;flour mill&lt;/strong&gt;); creating boxes and other products from wood pulp (&lt;strong&gt;paper mill&lt;/strong&gt;); fabricating metals (&lt;strong&gt;triphammer mill&lt;/strong&gt;); powering industrial equipment &lt;strong&gt;(textile mill&lt;/strong&gt;); and by the 1880s creating electricity via turbines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This collection gathers various documents concerning mills in the Genesee Valley. In addition to images and written texts, there is also an interactive map illustrating the density of their usage during the mid-nineteenth century.</text>
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                <text>Ashantee Mills, 1902</text>
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                <text>This detail from a 1902 maps shows the Littleville area on Conesus Creek, near the village of Avon NY</text>
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                <text>Cooper, Ken</text>
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                <text>New Century Atlas of Livingston County, New York, With Farm Records (Philadelphia: Century Map Co., 1902)</text>
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                  <text>Before the commercial extraction of fossil fuels from the Oil Creek region of northern Pennsylvania, most mechanical work in the Genesee Valley was done by human and animal power, or some source ultimately derived from the sun: burning wood, wind power, or flowing water. The exception to this, of course, was coal--by the 1880s America's dominant source of energy. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Due to the Genesee region's ample supply of wood and running water, along with the cost of shipping coal, it's quite common to find instances of various water mills in the area's history. They were adapted to a wide range of uses: cutting wood into timber and milling it into specialized shapes (&lt;strong&gt;lumber mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding corn into animal feed or for distilling alcohol (&lt;strong&gt;grist mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding wheat or other grains (&lt;strong&gt;flour mill&lt;/strong&gt;); creating boxes and other products from wood pulp (&lt;strong&gt;paper mill&lt;/strong&gt;); fabricating metals (&lt;strong&gt;triphammer mill&lt;/strong&gt;); powering industrial equipment &lt;strong&gt;(textile mill&lt;/strong&gt;); and by the 1880s creating electricity via turbines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This collection gathers various documents concerning mills in the Genesee Valley. In addition to images and written texts, there is also an interactive map illustrating the density of their usage during the mid-nineteenth century.</text>
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                <text>Two photographs taken by Martha Blow Wadsworth (wife of Herbert Wadsworth) show the building of a dam to power a mill at Ashantee, roughly where Littleville Road crosses Conesus Creek. The captions read: "Upper side of dam at Ashantee in process of building 1904," and "Lower side of dam--unfinished."</text>
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                <text>Martha Blow Wadsworth Image Collection&#13;
Milne Library Special Collections, SUNY Geneseo</text>
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jpeg, 652 KB</text>
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                  <text>Before the commercial extraction of fossil fuels from the Oil Creek region of northern Pennsylvania, most mechanical work in the Genesee Valley was done by human and animal power, or some source ultimately derived from the sun: burning wood, wind power, or flowing water. The exception to this, of course, was coal--by the 1880s America's dominant source of energy. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Due to the Genesee region's ample supply of wood and running water, along with the cost of shipping coal, it's quite common to find instances of various water mills in the area's history. They were adapted to a wide range of uses: cutting wood into timber and milling it into specialized shapes (&lt;strong&gt;lumber mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding corn into animal feed or for distilling alcohol (&lt;strong&gt;grist mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding wheat or other grains (&lt;strong&gt;flour mill&lt;/strong&gt;); creating boxes and other products from wood pulp (&lt;strong&gt;paper mill&lt;/strong&gt;); fabricating metals (&lt;strong&gt;triphammer mill&lt;/strong&gt;); powering industrial equipment &lt;strong&gt;(textile mill&lt;/strong&gt;); and by the 1880s creating electricity via turbines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This collection gathers various documents concerning mills in the Genesee Valley. In addition to images and written texts, there is also an interactive map illustrating the density of their usage during the mid-nineteenth century.</text>
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                <text>Flour mills along Brown's Race, Rochester, N.Y., in 1880</text>
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                <text>Brown's Race, a mill-canal built in 1816 on the west side of the Genesee River near the High Halls in Rochester, N.Y., accommodated many mills, including those depicted in this drawing: Whitney Mills (Ferguson and Lewis), Mill "B" (Moseley and Motley), Frankfort Mills (Smith and Sherman), Irving Mills (Stone and Campbell), Mill "A" ( Moseley and Motley), People's Custom Mill (Mertz and Co.), Shawmut Mill (Whitney and Wilson), and Washington Mill (Hinds and Co.).</text>
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                <text>Motley, Maude. "The Romance of Milling: With Rochester the Flour City." Centennial History of Rochester, New York. Ed. Edward R. Foreman. Rochester, N.Y.: Rochester Historical Society, 1931. 141-231. Print.</text>
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                  <text>Before the commercial extraction of fossil fuels from the Oil Creek region of northern Pennsylvania, most mechanical work in the Genesee Valley was done by human and animal power, or some source ultimately derived from the sun: burning wood, wind power, or flowing water. The exception to this, of course, was coal--by the 1880s America's dominant source of energy. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Due to the Genesee region's ample supply of wood and running water, along with the cost of shipping coal, it's quite common to find instances of various water mills in the area's history. They were adapted to a wide range of uses: cutting wood into timber and milling it into specialized shapes (&lt;strong&gt;lumber mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding corn into animal feed or for distilling alcohol (&lt;strong&gt;grist mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding wheat or other grains (&lt;strong&gt;flour mill&lt;/strong&gt;); creating boxes and other products from wood pulp (&lt;strong&gt;paper mill&lt;/strong&gt;); fabricating metals (&lt;strong&gt;triphammer mill&lt;/strong&gt;); powering industrial equipment &lt;strong&gt;(textile mill&lt;/strong&gt;); and by the 1880s creating electricity via turbines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This collection gathers various documents concerning mills in the Genesee Valley. In addition to images and written texts, there is also an interactive map illustrating the density of their usage during the mid-nineteenth century.</text>
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                  <text>Before the commercial extraction of fossil fuels from the Oil Creek region of northern Pennsylvania, most mechanical work in the Genesee Valley was done by human and animal power, or some source ultimately derived from the sun: burning wood, wind power, or flowing water. The exception to this, of course, was coal--by the 1880s America's dominant source of energy. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Due to the Genesee region's ample supply of wood and running water, along with the cost of shipping coal, it's quite common to find instances of various water mills in the area's history. They were adapted to a wide range of uses: cutting wood into timber and milling it into specialized shapes (&lt;strong&gt;lumber mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding corn into animal feed or for distilling alcohol (&lt;strong&gt;grist mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding wheat or other grains (&lt;strong&gt;flour mill&lt;/strong&gt;); creating boxes and other products from wood pulp (&lt;strong&gt;paper mill&lt;/strong&gt;); fabricating metals (&lt;strong&gt;triphammer mill&lt;/strong&gt;); powering industrial equipment &lt;strong&gt;(textile mill&lt;/strong&gt;); and by the 1880s creating electricity via turbines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This collection gathers various documents concerning mills in the Genesee Valley. In addition to images and written texts, there is also an interactive map illustrating the density of their usage during the mid-nineteenth century.</text>
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&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif;"&gt;This GIS map was created to support the &lt;a href="https://geneseo.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=0233b12694a346109a2a0f46f84a3858" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Dansville Ever-Green map&lt;/a&gt;, itself an experiment to recover historical knowledge for the purposes of envisioning a bioregional economy &amp;amp; culture. Its premise is to draw a 50-mile radius around the town of Dansville, NY and make visible under-appreciated resources. In this case, the interest concerns small-scale hydropower used to grind corn and wheat; saw, plane, and turn lumber; process apples into cider; card wool; and so on. A hyperlink to the map can be found below.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif;"&gt;The map of Dansville-area mills was created by using county-level maps from the 1850s (and, in one case, the 1860s). A list of the Western New York counties follows, with the surveyor, publisher, and year in parentheses: Allegany (Bechler/Gillette 1856); Genesee (Otley &amp;amp; Rea/Gillett 1854); Livingston (French/Gillette 1858); Monroe (Brown/Gillette 1858); Ontario (Beers/Dawson 1859); Steuben (Levy/Gillette 1857); Wyoming (Brown/Brown 1853); Yates (Beers/Stone &amp;amp; Stewart 1865). It is comprised of more than 600 individual mill sites.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif;"&gt;Mills were identified using map abbreviations of the time, which differentiated among saw mills (“S.M.”), grist mills (“G.M.”), along with spelled-out designations for less common operations. This map does not include steam-saw mills (“S.S.M.”), which used water from creeks to power wood-burning engines—that is, they were not hydropowered mills. The limitations of this procedure are many. Locations sometimes are approximate, due to discrepancies between 19th-century and contemporary maps concerning watercourses. The names of the mills and/or owners sometimes are identified on maps or can be inferred, but usually are not (a question mark indicates a plausible guess). And there are doubtless many milling operations that never made it onto these maps from the 1850s.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif;"&gt;From a contemporary standpoint an important caveat is that milling operations are not inevitably sustainable, and that many (or most) of the 19th-century mills created water pollution and disrupted stream communities. A sawmill meant that nearby forests were being logged, usually in an unsustainable manner. Still, it is hoped that this information will be of historical interest and, more importantly, to suggest that resources exist for a post-carbon economy in Western New York.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
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                <text>Ca. 1912 photograph of the flour mill on Conesus Creek in Littleville, NY built by Emme Light in 1878 and subsequently operated by his sons John and William. Glen Avon Mills sold several trademarked varieties of flour, including “Peerless,” “Sweet Violet,” “Daisy,” and “White Rose.” Ownership of the mill passed to Lucy (Light) McDonald who in 1949 leased it to a Dutch miller named George A. Bass. In 1951, the town of Avon purchased the mill for its more valuable Conesus Lake water rights, then sold the property back to Bass. Glen Avon Mills ceased operations sometime around the late 1950s.</text>
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                <text>A photograph, looking east, of people bringing sacks of grain to a large mill in the village of Mount Morris, N.Y., for milling and/or storing.  This mill appears to be located on State St., next to the mill race that crosses it there, .  A 1902 map indicates that it is the Galbraith Mill, situated approximately where the Humphrey Mill once stood.</text>
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Adapted from a base map in Joseph Halbig, et al.</text>
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