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                  <text>Before the commercial extraction of fossil fuels from the Oil Creek region of northern Pennsylvania, most mechanical work in the Genesee Valley was done by human and animal power, or some source ultimately derived from the sun: burning wood, wind power, or flowing water. The exception to this, of course, was coal--by the 1880s America's dominant source of energy. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Due to the Genesee region's ample supply of wood and running water, along with the cost of shipping coal, it's quite common to find instances of various water mills in the area's history. They were adapted to a wide range of uses: cutting wood into timber and milling it into specialized shapes (&lt;strong&gt;lumber mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding corn into animal feed or for distilling alcohol (&lt;strong&gt;grist mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding wheat or other grains (&lt;strong&gt;flour mill&lt;/strong&gt;); creating boxes and other products from wood pulp (&lt;strong&gt;paper mill&lt;/strong&gt;); fabricating metals (&lt;strong&gt;triphammer mill&lt;/strong&gt;); powering industrial equipment &lt;strong&gt;(textile mill&lt;/strong&gt;); and by the 1880s creating electricity via turbines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This collection gathers various documents concerning mills in the Genesee Valley. In addition to images and written texts, there is also an interactive map illustrating the density of their usage during the mid-nineteenth century.</text>
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                <text>Real-photo postcard shows a mill site alongside Conesus Creek where Emme Light rebuilt after a fire had destroyed an earlier one named "Glen Avon." He retained that name, and became well known for his trademarked varieties of flour: Peerless, Sweet Violet, Daisy, and White Rose. Sometime the operation was called "Light's Mill," as on this image. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ownership of the mill passed to sons John and William, then to his granddaughter Lucy (Light) McDonald who in 1949 leased it to a Dutch miller named George A. Bass. In 1951, the town of Avon purchased the mill for its more valuable Conesus Lake water rights, then sold the property back to Bass. Glen Avon ceased operations sometime around the late 1950s. The structure remains standing today as a private home.</text>
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                  <text>Before the commercial extraction of fossil fuels from the Oil Creek region of northern Pennsylvania, most mechanical work in the Genesee Valley was done by human and animal power, or some source ultimately derived from the sun: burning wood, wind power, or flowing water. The exception to this, of course, was coal--by the 1880s America's dominant source of energy. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Due to the Genesee region's ample supply of wood and running water, along with the cost of shipping coal, it's quite common to find instances of various water mills in the area's history. They were adapted to a wide range of uses: cutting wood into timber and milling it into specialized shapes (&lt;strong&gt;lumber mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding corn into animal feed or for distilling alcohol (&lt;strong&gt;grist mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding wheat or other grains (&lt;strong&gt;flour mill&lt;/strong&gt;); creating boxes and other products from wood pulp (&lt;strong&gt;paper mill&lt;/strong&gt;); fabricating metals (&lt;strong&gt;triphammer mill&lt;/strong&gt;); powering industrial equipment &lt;strong&gt;(textile mill&lt;/strong&gt;); and by the 1880s creating electricity via turbines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This collection gathers various documents concerning mills in the Genesee Valley. In addition to images and written texts, there is also an interactive map illustrating the density of their usage during the mid-nineteenth century.</text>
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                <text>Advertisement for mills and mill properties for sale in Rochester, N.Y., 1828</text>
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                <text>A handbill published by Matthew Brown, Jr. advertising property for sale near the High Falls of the Genesee River in Rochester, N.Y.  Among these are a "merchant flouring mill, in good order for business" and a triphammer forge/mill, all located on a canal (mill race) "about sixty rods distant from the Grand Erie Canal."  That mill race is called Brown's Race, named after Matthew and his brother Francis who together owned several mill enterprises in Rochester.</text>
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                <text>1828-07</text>
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                <text>Rochester (N.Y.) Historical Society</text>
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                  <text>Before the commercial extraction of fossil fuels from the Oil Creek region of northern Pennsylvania, most mechanical work in the Genesee Valley was done by human and animal power, or some source ultimately derived from the sun: burning wood, wind power, or flowing water. The exception to this, of course, was coal--by the 1880s America's dominant source of energy. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Due to the Genesee region's ample supply of wood and running water, along with the cost of shipping coal, it's quite common to find instances of various water mills in the area's history. They were adapted to a wide range of uses: cutting wood into timber and milling it into specialized shapes (&lt;strong&gt;lumber mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding corn into animal feed or for distilling alcohol (&lt;strong&gt;grist mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding wheat or other grains (&lt;strong&gt;flour mill&lt;/strong&gt;); creating boxes and other products from wood pulp (&lt;strong&gt;paper mill&lt;/strong&gt;); fabricating metals (&lt;strong&gt;triphammer mill&lt;/strong&gt;); powering industrial equipment &lt;strong&gt;(textile mill&lt;/strong&gt;); and by the 1880s creating electricity via turbines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This collection gathers various documents concerning mills in the Genesee Valley. In addition to images and written texts, there is also an interactive map illustrating the density of their usage during the mid-nineteenth century.</text>
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                <text>Detail from David H. Burr's "Map of the County of Livingston" shows the location of five different mills via icon.  Captions have been added to identify their names.</text>
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                <text>David Rumsey Map Collection</text>
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                  <text>Before the commercial extraction of fossil fuels from the Oil Creek region of northern Pennsylvania, most mechanical work in the Genesee Valley was done by human and animal power, or some source ultimately derived from the sun: burning wood, wind power, or flowing water. The exception to this, of course, was coal--by the 1880s America's dominant source of energy. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Due to the Genesee region's ample supply of wood and running water, along with the cost of shipping coal, it's quite common to find instances of various water mills in the area's history. They were adapted to a wide range of uses: cutting wood into timber and milling it into specialized shapes (&lt;strong&gt;lumber mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding corn into animal feed or for distilling alcohol (&lt;strong&gt;grist mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding wheat or other grains (&lt;strong&gt;flour mill&lt;/strong&gt;); creating boxes and other products from wood pulp (&lt;strong&gt;paper mill&lt;/strong&gt;); fabricating metals (&lt;strong&gt;triphammer mill&lt;/strong&gt;); powering industrial equipment &lt;strong&gt;(textile mill&lt;/strong&gt;); and by the 1880s creating electricity via turbines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This collection gathers various documents concerning mills in the Genesee Valley. In addition to images and written texts, there is also an interactive map illustrating the density of their usage during the mid-nineteenth century.</text>
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                <text>Beginning in the late 18th century, Conesus Creek and other waterways near Avon provided mechanical power for a variety of milling functions. This map shows the approximate locations of nine known mills in that area.</text>
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&#13;
Adapted from a base map in Joseph Halbig, et al.</text>
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                  <text>Before the commercial extraction of fossil fuels from the Oil Creek region of northern Pennsylvania, most mechanical work in the Genesee Valley was done by human and animal power, or some source ultimately derived from the sun: burning wood, wind power, or flowing water. The exception to this, of course, was coal--by the 1880s America's dominant source of energy. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Due to the Genesee region's ample supply of wood and running water, along with the cost of shipping coal, it's quite common to find instances of various water mills in the area's history. They were adapted to a wide range of uses: cutting wood into timber and milling it into specialized shapes (&lt;strong&gt;lumber mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding corn into animal feed or for distilling alcohol (&lt;strong&gt;grist mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding wheat or other grains (&lt;strong&gt;flour mill&lt;/strong&gt;); creating boxes and other products from wood pulp (&lt;strong&gt;paper mill&lt;/strong&gt;); fabricating metals (&lt;strong&gt;triphammer mill&lt;/strong&gt;); powering industrial equipment &lt;strong&gt;(textile mill&lt;/strong&gt;); and by the 1880s creating electricity via turbines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This collection gathers various documents concerning mills in the Genesee Valley. In addition to images and written texts, there is also an interactive map illustrating the density of their usage during the mid-nineteenth century.</text>
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&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif;"&gt;This GIS map was created to support the &lt;a href="https://geneseo.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=0233b12694a346109a2a0f46f84a3858" target="_blank" rel="noopener"&gt;Dansville Ever-Green map&lt;/a&gt;, itself an experiment to recover historical knowledge for the purposes of envisioning a bioregional economy &amp;amp; culture. Its premise is to draw a 50-mile radius around the town of Dansville, NY and make visible under-appreciated resources. In this case, the interest concerns small-scale hydropower used to grind corn and wheat; saw, plane, and turn lumber; process apples into cider; card wool; and so on. A hyperlink to the map can be found below.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif;"&gt;The map of Dansville-area mills was created by using county-level maps from the 1850s (and, in one case, the 1860s). A list of the Western New York counties follows, with the surveyor, publisher, and year in parentheses: Allegany (Bechler/Gillette 1856); Genesee (Otley &amp;amp; Rea/Gillett 1854); Livingston (French/Gillette 1858); Monroe (Brown/Gillette 1858); Ontario (Beers/Dawson 1859); Steuben (Levy/Gillette 1857); Wyoming (Brown/Brown 1853); Yates (Beers/Stone &amp;amp; Stewart 1865). It is comprised of more than 600 individual mill sites.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif;"&gt;Mills were identified using map abbreviations of the time, which differentiated among saw mills (“S.M.”), grist mills (“G.M.”), along with spelled-out designations for less common operations. This map does not include steam-saw mills (“S.S.M.”), which used water from creeks to power wood-burning engines—that is, they were not hydropowered mills. The limitations of this procedure are many. Locations sometimes are approximate, due to discrepancies between 19th-century and contemporary maps concerning watercourses. The names of the mills and/or owners sometimes are identified on maps or can be inferred, but usually are not (a question mark indicates a plausible guess). And there are doubtless many milling operations that never made it onto these maps from the 1850s.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif;"&gt;From a contemporary standpoint an important caveat is that milling operations are not inevitably sustainable, and that many (or most) of the 19th-century mills created water pollution and disrupted stream communities. A sawmill meant that nearby forests were being logged, usually in an unsustainable manner. Still, it is hoped that this information will be of historical interest and, more importantly, to suggest that resources exist for a post-carbon economy in Western New York.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&#13;
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                  <text>Before the commercial extraction of fossil fuels from the Oil Creek region of northern Pennsylvania, most mechanical work in the Genesee Valley was done by human and animal power, or some source ultimately derived from the sun: burning wood, wind power, or flowing water. The exception to this, of course, was coal--by the 1880s America's dominant source of energy. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Due to the Genesee region's ample supply of wood and running water, along with the cost of shipping coal, it's quite common to find instances of various water mills in the area's history. They were adapted to a wide range of uses: cutting wood into timber and milling it into specialized shapes (&lt;strong&gt;lumber mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding corn into animal feed or for distilling alcohol (&lt;strong&gt;grist mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding wheat or other grains (&lt;strong&gt;flour mill&lt;/strong&gt;); creating boxes and other products from wood pulp (&lt;strong&gt;paper mill&lt;/strong&gt;); fabricating metals (&lt;strong&gt;triphammer mill&lt;/strong&gt;); powering industrial equipment &lt;strong&gt;(textile mill&lt;/strong&gt;); and by the 1880s creating electricity via turbines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This collection gathers various documents concerning mills in the Genesee Valley. In addition to images and written texts, there is also an interactive map illustrating the density of their usage during the mid-nineteenth century.</text>
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                <text>[Post card albums of the Genesee Region, N.Y.]&#13;
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                  <text>Before the commercial extraction of fossil fuels from the Oil Creek region of northern Pennsylvania, most mechanical work in the Genesee Valley was done by human and animal power, or some source ultimately derived from the sun: burning wood, wind power, or flowing water. The exception to this, of course, was coal--by the 1880s America's dominant source of energy. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Due to the Genesee region's ample supply of wood and running water, along with the cost of shipping coal, it's quite common to find instances of various water mills in the area's history. They were adapted to a wide range of uses: cutting wood into timber and milling it into specialized shapes (&lt;strong&gt;lumber mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding corn into animal feed or for distilling alcohol (&lt;strong&gt;grist mill&lt;/strong&gt;); grinding wheat or other grains (&lt;strong&gt;flour mill&lt;/strong&gt;); creating boxes and other products from wood pulp (&lt;strong&gt;paper mill&lt;/strong&gt;); fabricating metals (&lt;strong&gt;triphammer mill&lt;/strong&gt;); powering industrial equipment &lt;strong&gt;(textile mill&lt;/strong&gt;); and by the 1880s creating electricity via turbines.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This collection gathers various documents concerning mills in the Genesee Valley. In addition to images and written texts, there is also an interactive map illustrating the density of their usage during the mid-nineteenth century.</text>
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