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var str = 'School No. 5, Caledonia NY';
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var str = 'Postmarked 1910, the former Caledonia School had been integrated into New York\'s Union Free School district since 1895, and designated as the town\'s high school since 1898. In 1914, the older structure would be rebuilt in brick and serve its function until 1939, when Caledonia-Mumford High School on North Road took over. Today, the building is home to the Big Springs Historical Society Museum.';
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var str = 'Quality Drug Store, Caledonia NY';
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var str = '1910-04-30';
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var str = 'Cooper, Ken';
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var str = '1. jpeg, 925 KB
2. jpeg, 553 KB
3. jpeg, 880 KB';
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var str = 'Postcard';
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var str = 'Residence, Warehouse and Elevator of Wm. Hamilton, Caledonia, Livingston County, NY';
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var str = 'The son of a Scottish immigrant, Hamilton was born 1832 in Le Roy and grew up on a farm. After a brief time spent as a teacher in the upper midwest, Hamilton returned to Caledonia, married Jane Vallance, and had five children. Hamilton was a leading figure in the community, praised by James Smith for his \"invincible energy and active business ability.\" He died in 1912.
These engravings show a portion of his property located next to the New York Central RR, the elevator inset and enlarged as a separate file.';
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Lyth, J. (John), 1821-1886
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var str = ': following p. 456';
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var str = 'D. Mason & Co., Syracuse NY';
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var str = '1881';
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var str = '1. jpeg, 952 KB
2. jpeg, 391 KB';
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var str = 'Auspice Maria';
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var str = '\"Under the Protection of Mary\" is the usual translation for this emblem blessing the Catholic Church\'s approved ceremonial book. First published in 1829, it was by 1894 in its 8th edition and used in churches like St. Columba in Caledonia, NY. Ecclesiastical heraldry shows the book\'s approval to have been made by a bishop: the \"galero\" hat at top, and the ten tassels underneath on each side. ';
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var str = 'Joseph Rosati, \"Ceremonial for the Use of the Catholic Churches in the United States of America,\" 8th ed. (Philadelphia: H. L. Kilner & Co., 1894): iii.
Internet Archive';
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var str = 'John B. Piet & Co.
';
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var str = '1894';
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var str = 'Cooper, Ken';
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var str = 'Book illustration';
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var str = 'Cross Botonee';
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var str = 'This resonant symbol appears near the end of a 1904 history of the Western New York Diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church. It was fairly common in the Anglican church and its Episcopal branches in the United States, one of them St. Andrew\'s Episcopal Church in Caledonia, NY.
Called a cross botonee (or bottony), the three \"buds\" at each of four arms sometimes are taken to stand for the twelve apostles. Its design also references the four apostles in symbolic form: Matthew (the angel at top), Mark (the winged lion), Luke (the winged bull), and John (the eagle). Finally, we see a pair of crossed croziers, emblematic of the shepherd\'s pastoral staff. These elements sometimes found their way into ecclesiastical and familial heraldry--not easy to untangle from the Scottish clan heraldry in Caledonia.';
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var str = 'Charles Wells Hayes, \"The Diocese of Western New York: History and Recollections\" (Rochester: Scrantom, Wetmore, 1904): 408.
Courtesy Internet Archive';
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var str = 'Scrantom, Wetmore Co., Rochester NY';
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var str = '1904';
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var str = 'Cooper, Ken';
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var str = 'jpeg, 111 KB';
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var str = 'Book illustration';
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var str = 'Main Street and Monument, Caledonia NY';
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var str = 'At the time of this photograph the buildings and trees shown on Main Street were little more ten years old, rebuilt in 1892 after a devastating fire. In addition to the Soldiers Monument (dedicated in 1900), the Hotel Kreisler figures prominently.
Postcard is colorized version of a photograph that dates at least as far back as 1907 but not before 1900 (when the Soldiers Monument was dedicated). This \"Litho-Chrome\" printing (serial #C-7275) places it between 1907 and 1914, when the Great War changed print locations to the U.S.';
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var str = 'Quality Drug Store, Caledonia NY';
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var str = '1907-1914';
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var str = 'Cooper, Ken';
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var str = '1. jpeg, 667 KB
2. jpeg, 291 KB
3. jpeg, 855 KB';
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var str = 'Postcard';
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var str = 'Soldiers Monument and East Avenue, Caledonia NY';
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var str = 'Postcard shows the junction of East and State Streets, including what the writer calls \"Our much talked of monument.\" At this time the Soldiers Monument, dedicated in 1900 by then-governor Theodore Roosevelt, would have been seven years old and an important landmark for the village. Also in the frame is the Caledonia House, built 1831-33, which had been a tavern during the era of stage coaches and gradually had fallen into disuse. The next year it was purchased by the Eunice Lodge 830 of Free and Accepted Masons.
The document\'s reverse side gives the name of Chas. S. Perhamus, who was a Caledonia pharmacist and the likely publisher of the postcard.';
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var str = 'Perhamus, Chas. S.';
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var str = '1907';
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var str = 'Cooper, Ken';
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var str = '1. jpeg, 592 KB
2. jpeg, 467 KB
3. jpeg, 515 KB';
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var str = 'Postcare';
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var str = 'The Fire Fiend';
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Headline from the weekly Caledonia "Advertiser" describes a major fire that destroyed much of the village's commercial district and the Moss House hotel in 1891. <a href="http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2011/Caledonia%20NY%20Advertiser/Caledonia%20NY%20Advertiser%201890-1894%20Grayscale/Caledonia%20NY%20Advertiser%201890-1894%20Grayscale%20-%200054.pdf">The story goes on to enumerate</a> some of what was lost: "The fire cleaned out two groceries, one with a stock of boots and shoes, one hardware and tin shop, a barber shop, pool room, two dressmaking establishments, one dentist, one law office, two drug stores, one saloon, two hotels, a shoeshop, three private dwelling places, two livery barns, one tailor shop, one boarding house, and one jewelry shop. What village of this size in western New York has suffered a like loss? It was all done in three hours’ time." Due to several other suspected cases of arson in the prior year, the newspaper raised that question again and criticized the as-yet unincorporated village's fire department. Within a few short months a charter had been approved, the block had been rebuilt, and the arson attacks continued.
Caledonia Advertiser
Caledonia Advertiser 12 Feb. 1891: 3 Courtesy Tom Tryniski / <a href="http://fultonhistory.com/">Fulton History</a>
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var str = '1891-01-12';
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var str = 'Cooper, Ken
';
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var str = 'jpeg, 231 KB';
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var str = 'Newspaper article';
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var str = 'Caledonia School No. 5';
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var str = 'Number 5 on the Burleigh map, records for this school prior to 1892 are missing due to a major fire on Main Street that year. The structure shown by Burleigh received a west wing in 1896 and a north wing in 1904. In 1914, a new brick structure replaced the original school.
As of 1892, education in New York State was on the verge of transformation. Union Free School Districts, enabled by an 1853 law, created free schooling through the power of local taxation under the supervision of an elected school board. Union schools grew in number thereafter, eventually supplanting private academies. There were however tensions between local boards and the University of the State of New York over standards; in 1894, the Consolidated School Law gave to its Board of Regents the power of visitation and control. School No. 5 became a part of this system in 1895 (not without some local resistance), and then was reorganized as Caledonia\'s high school in 1898.
The principle of free schools necessitated annual reports to the public--here for the school year ending June 1896. We see salaries paid to teachers, a clerk and a janitor; charges for books, school supplies, coal for heating, and pricey \"apparatus\" from Bausch & Lomb--optical instruments, presumably. High school continued here until 1939, when the new Caledonia-Mumford campus opened on North Road and eventually the old building became home to the Big Springs Historical Society and Museum.';
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var str = 'Lehigh Valley Rail Road Station, Caledonia';
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var str = 'Number 7 on the Burleigh map, an original modest structure served the needs of a railroad built primarily to deliver coal from the Pennsylvania anthracite fields, east to New York and west to Buffalo on the Great Lakes. Amidst ferocious competition, however, the relatively small line came to depend upon moving western wheat and, eventually, passengers. Accordingly, in 1891, an “ornate station with its stained glass windows and Gothic scroll work was built by immigrant laborers” (Caledonia Advertiser 16 Mar 1972).
Beginning in 1896, the Lehigh railroad became known for its luxurious \"Black Flag Express\" service between Buffalo and New York: a \"combined cafe, library, writing and smoking room for gentlemen\"; a \"ladies retiring room\"; a dining car and plate-glass observation windows \"to view the rapidly passing scenery\" (Caledonia Advertiser 2 April 1896). For passenger service the Lehigh\'s heyday was the first quarter of the 20th century, after which it began a gradual decline due to competition from automobiles. The station was demolished in 1972.
';
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var str = '1-2. Courtesy of Tom Tryniski / Fulton History
3. Courtesy of Wikipedia';
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var str = '1. Caledonia Era
2. Caledonia Advertiser';
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var str = '1. 1911-07-05
2. 1893-08-31
';
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var str = 'Cooper, Ken';
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var str = '1. jpeg, 254 KB
2. jpeg, 473 KB
3. gif, 4 KB';
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var str = 'Geo. Davis, Billiard Hall';
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var str = 'Number 42 on the Burleigh map, it\'s not clear whether Davis (1860-1947) ever was successful in starting up his billiard hall--and the attendant liquor license likely for its operation. It\'s more certain that, by May 1894, he and Charles Bundy had opened a variety store whose advertisement appears here. But then on 13 November of that year a fire started in the basement of their building, eventually destroying the structure and most others along the west side of State Street. The Caledonia \"Advertiser\" held that its cause was arson--like the earlier one in 1891--and Davis found it necessary, two weeks later, to offer a $100 reward \"for any information or proof of the author of the report in circulation that I set fire to the store...or had any guilty knowledge of the fact before the fire\" (Caledonia Advertiser 6 Dec. 1894).
The facts of this case are murky; the fire could have been accidental (wood structures were susceptible to fires), or it could have been arson. Davis and Bundy lost $1,000 in stock to the fire, and were fully insured. Someone was insinuating that Davis was to blame. But there are at least two other possibilities. The first could have been a radical temperance advocate who saw the concentration of saloons on State Street as moral depravity--Caledonia was sharply divided on the issue of alcohol--and an announcement of Davis & Bundy\'s soon-to-open store mentioned that “Liquors of no description will be kept\" in stock (12 April 1894).
The second suspect would have had racial motivations; after all, the fire occurred two years before the U.S. Supreme Court\'s \"Plessy v. Ferguson\" ruling that enshrined Jim Crow as the law of the land. As an African American, Davis himself experienced a number of suspicious incidents during his life that made it into the newspaper. Shortly after purchasing the farm of Jane Cameron in 1904, a “span of young horses valued at $300” broke out of his property, wandered onto railroad tracks, and were killed by an Erie train. “Hard luck,” reported the newspaper (Caledonia \"Advertiser\" 14 Sept. 1904). In 1906, Davis was reported driving a “handsome light wagon” in a “natty blue uniform” for Iroquois Portland Cement Company. “A man in livery is quite a sight in Caledonia,\" the author marveled (Caledonia \"Advertiser\" 1 Aug. 1906).
In 1901 Davis and Maurice Johnson were returning, in a horse-drawn buggy, from work in Garbutt at night when they were rammed--it seems deliberately--by a car of drunken men: “They accused Davis of ‘being in the middle of the road,’ a fact he did not attempt to deny” (Caledonia \"Era\" 13 Oct 1909). All of this suggests that Davis\' life in Caledonia was complex. He still was involved in a State St. business as of 1910, although now in partnership of \"nine colored men\" with Davis as manager. “The new firm,\" predicted the newspaper, \"ought to control the bulk of the trade of colored families of which there are many in this village and in Mumford and the surrounding districts\" (Caledonia \"Era\" 5 Oct. 1910).';
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var str = 'Courtesy of Tom Tryniski / Fulton History';
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var str = '1894-05-03';
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var str = 'Cooper, Ken';
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